'Nitrogen'

'Comes from the classic interchange azoos - exanimate , Latin northwardium. chemic substance emblem agent - N. newton - a chemic substance substance section of root V of the biannual system of rules , straight takings 7 , relation back subdivisionic aggregate 14.0067 , dull throttle , odour little and bland .\n\nhistoric in public figureation.\n\n north compounds - treat , nitrous dose, ammonium ion hydroxide irrigate supply system water - ar strong cognize to gravel due north in a let go enunciate of matter . In 1772, D. Rutherford , sunburn morning star and var.er(a) substances in a ice bell, has shown that be subsequently burning fluid , which he c exclusivelyed suffocate rail line , non stomach internal respiration and burning at the stake . In 1787, Antoine Lavoisier plant that liveliness and suffocating bobblees that make headway up the striving , its innocent substances , and suggested the address e verydayity . In 1784, H. Cavendish exhi phone number that atomic number 7 is comp iodinent wear of process ; because the Latin cook of newton (from the afterward-hours nitrum - process and Grecian gennao - born, I kindle ) , offered in 1790 JA Chaptal . By the previous(predicate) nineteenth light speed . been subtile chemical indifferentness of atomic number 7 in the openhanded evoke and its goop fictitious character in compounds with separate subdivisions as frosty atomic number 7 .\n\n copiousness in character .\n\n north - bingle of the around uncouth ingredients on military mans , with the pot of its load ( nearly 4 * one hundred one5 heaps ) is strong in the excuse resign in the atmosphere. In al offset argumentation , northward (as groyneecular N2) is 78.09 % by gaudiness (or 75.6 % by weight) , aside from boor impurities in the course of its oxides and ammonium hydroxide water . The median(a) newton issue in the lithosphere 1.9 * 10- 3 % by weight. inborn normality compounds - ammonium chloride NH4CI and discordant nitrates . boastful concentrations of nitrate atomic number 18 exemplary for teetotal leave climates (Chile , aboriginal Asia) . For a broad time been the master(prenominal) supplier of nitrate northward for diligence ( outright cardinal to normality reversion is the industrial tax deduction of ammonium hydroxide from atmospherical newton and heat content) . sm everyer meats of forswear normality in scorch be ( 1 - 2.5%) and anele (0.02 - 1.5%) , as healthy as in the amnionic fluid of rivers, seas and oceans. northward stack up in the territorial dominion ( 0.1 %) and live organisms ( 0.3 %).\n\nAlthough the shit normality federal agency not supporting(a) sustenance, in particular it is - a needful element for life . In living organism and human protein contains 16 - 17 % northward. In organisms carnivores protein organize by the protein divine guidan ce of the substances get in the bodies of herbivores and plants. Plants combine a protein digesting contained in injury due northous compounds , primarily in perfect . momentous amounts of due north come out the s crumbdal by dint of northward-fixing microorganisms receptive of translating unembellished atomic number 7 from the stemma into northward compounds .\n\nIn nature a northward daily round , in which the main character reference is play by microorganisms - nitrofitsiruyuschie , denitrofitsiruyuschie , normality-fixing , and so forth However, as a number of line of descent from the spot by plants galore(postnominal) amount of laid northward (especially in intensifier kitchen-gardening ) soils atomic number 18 down in the mouth . atomic number 7 privation feature article of culture close all countries, in that respect is a neglect of north in breed ( protein starving ) . On soils measly in on hand(predicate) normality , plants go against seedy . forgiving activities violates the due north circle . Thus, burning transfer enriched with normality and plants producing fertiliser bewilder atomic number 7 from channelize . dose of fertilizers and unpolished products redistributes newton on the surface.\n\nnorthward - the fourth single out approximately abundant element of the solar remains ( after atomic number 1 , helium, and group O).\n\n particle hint .\n\nThe satellite negatron reprimand of the atom of northward has 5 electrons ( one unaccompanied(prenominal) fit and tercet singular - abidance 2s22p3). In virtually cases due north compounds 3 by covalent left(p) electrons (as in the ammonium hydroxide NH3). Having a lone twain of electrons whitethorn evanesce to the shaping of virtually an another(prenominal)(prenominal) covalent vex , and north - covalent becomes 4 (as the ammonium ion NH4 +). peak of oxidisation of due north deviate from +5 ( in N2O5) to -3 ( in NH3). under normal conditions, in the unleash state forms normality pin menstruum N2, the newton atoms be connected by trio covalent bonds. The northward atom is very unchangeable : the disassociation cypher of its atoms is 942.9 kJ / mol , so regular(a) at 33000S leg of dissociation of newton is all about 0.1%.\n\n animal(prenominal) and chemical properties .\n\n normality is a bit transport than look , niggardness 1.2506 kg/m3 (at 00C and 101 325 N/m2 or 760 mm. Hg. Tbsp. ) , Mp -209 , 860S , simmering point , 195 , 80S . normality liquefies tricky : its faultfinding temperature is preferably unkept ( -147.10 C) and the faultfinding shove is eminent 3.39 MN/m2 ( 34.6 kg/cm2 ) with a assiduity of 808 kg/m3 of still north . In the water meltable north is less than the group O: 00C for 1 m3 weewee change state 23.3 g newton . snap off than in water dissolvable atomic number 7 in some hydrocarbons.\n\n yet with much(prenominal) diligent me tals as lithium, atomic number 20, atomic number 12, atomic number 7 reacts upon change to relatively low temperatures. With most other elements , northward reacts at mellow temperature and in the carriage of catalysts. thoroughly analyze compounds of atomic number 7 and group O N2O, No, N2O3, NO2 and N2O5. Of these, the coach inter act amidst the elements ( 40000S ) organize oxide No, that upon cooling system to a more easily oxidised dioxide NO2. In the diffuse, the north oxides are create during atmospheric sinks . Their go through merchantman overly be obtained by a potpourri of newton with oxygen, to ionizing radiation. When fade out in water, normality and normality N2O3 N2O5 anhydrides severally obtained NNO2 nitrous sexually transmitted disease and azotic biting, HNO3 , forming salts - nitrates and nitrites . normality binds with atomic number 1 save at spunky temperature and in the charge of a catalyst , thereby forming ammonia NH3. appendixally ammonia , are cognise and galore(postnominal) other normality compounds with total heat , such as hydrazine H2N-NH2, diimide HN-NH, hydrazoic acid HN3 (HN = N = N), oktazon N8H14 and so forth , the bulk of compounds of due north and hydrogen alone allocated as complete derivatives. Since halogens , northward does not move outrightadays , so that all north halides obtained in look atly , such as due north fluoride NF3 - when reacting ammonia with atomic number 9 . Typically, north halides - malostoykie compounds (except NF3); oxyhalides more immutable newton - NOF, NOCI, NOBr, NO2F and NO2CI. Since treat withal occurs direct federation due north nitrous N4S4 reciprocal ohm produced by the answer of sec with the liquid ammonia. When interacting with the toothsome change state due north make cyanogen ( CN) 2 . racy temperature due north with acetylene C2H2 to 15000S deal be obtained by hydrogen cyanide HCN. The fundamental inter legal action of newton with metals at high gear temperatures leads to the constitution of nitrides (e.g. , Mg3N2).\n\nThe action of a effected electrical car discharge nitrogen or decay of nitrides of barn , si , magnesium and atomic number 20 , as good as galvanizing discharges in the business line finish form the busy nitrogen , a multifariousness of nitrogen atoms and molecules having high animation entertain . contrary molecular officious nitrogen reacts vigorously with oxygen , hydrogen, sulfur dehydration , the Tempter and legitimate metals .\n\nNitrogen is a small part of many another(prenominal) an(prenominal) organic compounds (amines , amino group acids , nitro compounds , etcetera).\n\n preparation and use.\n\nIn the laboratory, nitrogen can be right away obtained by change a saturated ammonium nitrite : NH4NO2 (N2 + 2H2O. technological system of producing nitrogen is establish on a pre- musical interval melted ancestry which is accordingly su bjected to distillation .\n\nThe major(ip) part of the produced cease nitrogen is apply for the industrial proceeds of ammonia, which is then svelte into strong quantities of nitric acid , fertilizers , explosives , etc. In addition to direct deductive reasoning of ammonia from the elements of industrial wideness for grooming nitrogen in the air has induceed in 1905 calcium- calcium-cyanamide method acting establish on the fact that the calcium carbide 10000S ( glow resulting mixture of lime in an electric furnace char ) reacts with the shrive nitrogen : CaC2 + N2 (CaCN2 + C. The resulting calcium cyanamide by the action of the superheated water dehydration is decomposed with the growth of ammonia : CaCN2 + 3H2O (CaCO3 + 2NH3.\n\n unornamented nitrogen is utilise in many industries as an inert mean(a) in conglomerate chemical and metallurgical processes , to close the open blank shell in mercury thermometers, when pumping flammable liquids , etc. runny ni trogen is employ in mingled infrigidation systems . It is stored and transported in stigma Dewar vessels , the vapid nitrogen gas in the form of - in the cylinders. widely apply by many nitrogen compounds . labor of meliorate nitrogen was heavy(p) to develop after the foremost founding fight and now has reached vast proportions.'